Self-healing means that the processor not only repairs many errors when they occur, but also attempts to proactively reduce the number of potential future errors. The processor actively monitors for errors, all the interconnects, data buffers, and data paths. The Xeon processor was designed to support continuous self-monitoring and self-healing. Mani Krishna, in Fault-Tolerant Systems (Second Edition), 2021 8.8.2 XeonĪ more recent Intel processor with fault-tolerance support is the Xeon, which has a more traditional x86 architecture. P-state management keeps the total energy usage capped while doing a given amount of computation but may spreads it over a longer period of time when the current power draw needs to be reduced (e.g., instantaneous power draw exceeds a monitored threshold). A P-state is both a frequency and voltage operating point since both are scaled as higher numbered P-states are reached. P-states are an automatic reduction in instruction execution (or clock) rate. For reducing instantaneous power draw, the primary mechanism is through the use of P-states. C-states do not affect instantaneous power usage, another important consideration in a cluster environment. The C-states consume dramatically less energy than any executing state while negligibly affecting performance, and is the best way to save energy and reduce average power. Processors enter idle states when they are not actively executing instructions. For reducing energy usage, the primary mechanism is through the use of C-states. C-states are used to minimize consumption when a processor can be idle P-states prevent the processor from consuming too much when work is being done. Intel® processors, and the Intel® Xeon Phi™ coprocessor, have many advanced power management features that notably include idle states (C-states) and performance states (P-states). Evan Felix, in High Performance Parallelism Pearls, 2015 Processor features: Modern power management features Power Analysis for Applications and Data Centers
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